Tao Te Ching Chapter 38 Morality is the Highest, followed by Benevolence and Righteousness 道德为上, 仁义次之

This Chapter is an excerpt from Chapter 38 of the Tao Te Ching, focusing on the hierarchy of moral virtues. Lao Tzu argues that morality (De) surpasses benevolence and righteousness, emphasizing that true virtue arises from effortless action (Wu Wei). The passage contrasts those who act virtuously without self-regard with those whose actions are driven by ego and self-interest, ultimately concluding that a focus on substance over superficiality is key to a virtuous life. The chapter further suggests that the loss of Tao leads to a sequential decline in morality, benevolence, righteousness, and finally, etiquette.